Balancing Washington and Moscow: India's Multi-Alignment Strategy in the 21st Century

Abstract

India is pursuing a delicate balance between its ties with Washington and Moscow, referred to as “multi-alignment.” This strategy strengthens relationships with both the United States and Russia without fully committing to either. Historical ties to the Non-Aligned Movement and domestic concerns about sovereignty shape this approach. The evolving India–U.S. partnership has shifted from a defensive stance to a broader geopolitical engagement, allowing India to maintain its long-time bond with Russia. However, India’s connection with Russia has become more transactional, due to the limited security options Russia provides. Additionally, increasing Chinese assertiveness complicates India's strategic landscape. While India aims for multi-alignment, the rising influence of China and the closer Beijing–Moscow ties raise concerns about maintaining a stable balance. (D. Muraviev et al., 2022)